+ def name_lowercase(cls) -> str:
+ """Convenience method to return cls' name in lowercase."""
+ return cls.__name__.lower()
+
+ @classmethod
+ def sort_by(cls, seq: list[Any], sort_key: str, default: str = 'title'
+ ) -> str:
+ """Sort cls list by cls.sorters[sort_key] (reverse if '-'-prefixed).
+
+ Before cls.sorters[sort_key] is applied, seq is sorted by .id_, to
+ ensure predictability where parts of seq are of same sort value.
+ """
+ reverse = False
+ if len(sort_key) > 1 and '-' == sort_key[0]:
+ sort_key = sort_key[1:]
+ reverse = True
+ if sort_key not in cls.sorters:
+ sort_key = default
+ seq.sort(key=lambda x: x.id_, reverse=reverse)
+ sorter: Callable[..., Any] = cls.sorters[sort_key]
+ seq.sort(key=sorter, reverse=reverse)
+ if reverse:
+ sort_key = f'-{sort_key}'
+ return sort_key
+
+ # cache management
+ # (we primarily use the cache to ensure we work on the same object in
+ # memory no matter where and how we retrieve it, e.g. we don't want
+ # .by_id() calls to create a new object each time, but rather a pointer
+ # to the one already instantiated)
+
+ def __getattribute__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+ """Ensure fail if ._disappear() was called, except to check ._exists"""
+ if name != '_exists' and not super().__getattribute__('_exists'):
+ raise HandledException('Object does not exist.')
+ return super().__getattribute__(name)
+
+ def _disappear(self) -> None:
+ """Invalidate object, make future use raise exceptions."""
+ assert self.id_ is not None
+ if self._get_cached(self.id_):
+ self._uncache()
+ to_kill = list(self.__dict__.keys())
+ for attr in to_kill:
+ delattr(self, attr)
+ self._exists = False
+
+ @classmethod
+ def empty_cache(cls) -> None:
+ """Empty class's cache, and disappear all former inhabitants."""
+ # pylint: disable=protected-access
+ # (cause we remain within the class)
+ if hasattr(cls, 'cache_'):
+ to_disappear = list(cls.cache_.values())
+ for item in to_disappear:
+ item._disappear()
+ cls.cache_ = {}
+
+ @classmethod
+ def get_cache(cls: type[BaseModelInstance]) -> dict[Any, BaseModel[Any]]:
+ """Get cache dictionary, create it if not yet existing."""
+ if not hasattr(cls, 'cache_'):
+ d: dict[Any, BaseModel[Any]] = {}
+ cls.cache_ = d
+ return cls.cache_
+
+ @classmethod
+ def _get_cached(cls: type[BaseModelInstance],
+ id_: BaseModelId) -> BaseModelInstance | None:
+ """Get object of id_ from class's cache, or None if not found."""
+ cache = cls.get_cache()
+ if id_ in cache:
+ obj = cache[id_]
+ assert isinstance(obj, cls)
+ return obj
+ return None
+
+ def cache(self) -> None:
+ """Update object in class's cache.
+
+ Also calls ._disappear if cache holds older reference to object of same
+ ID, but different memory address, to avoid doing anything with
+ dangling leftovers.
+ """
+ if self.id_ is None:
+ raise HandledException('Cannot cache object without ID.')
+ cache = self.get_cache()
+ old_cached = self._get_cached(self.id_)
+ if old_cached and id(old_cached) != id(self):
+ # pylint: disable=protected-access
+ # (cause we remain within the class)
+ old_cached._disappear()
+ cache[self.id_] = self
+
+ def _uncache(self) -> None:
+ """Remove self from cache."""
+ if self.id_ is None:
+ raise HandledException('Cannot un-cache object without ID.')
+ cache = self.get_cache()
+ del cache[self.id_]
+
+ # object retrieval and generation
+
+ @classmethod
+ def from_table_row(cls: type[BaseModelInstance],
+ # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+ db_conn: DatabaseConnection,
+ row: Row | list[Any]) -> BaseModelInstance:
+ """Make from DB row (sans relations), update DB cache with it."""