Bookmaker: much refactoring.

[misc] / bookmaker.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
bookmaker.py is a helper for optimizing PDFs of books for the production of small self-printed, self-bound physical books.  Towards this goal it offers various PDF manipulation options that may also be used indepéndently and for other purposes.
"""
help_epilogue = """
EXAMPLES:

Concatenate two PDFs A.pdf and B.pdf to COMBINED.pdf:
    bookmaker.py --input_file A.pdf --input_file B.pdf --output_file COMBINED.pdf

Produce OUTPUT.pdf containing all pages of (inclusive) page number range 3-7 from INPUT.pdf:
    bookmaker.py -i INPUT.pdf --page_range 3-7 -o OUTPUT.pdf

Produce COMBINED.pdf from A.pdf's first 7 pages, B.pdf's pages except its first two, and all pages of C.pdf:
    bookmaker.py -i A.pdf -p start-7 -i B.pdf -p 3-end -i C.pdf -o COMBINED.pdf

Crop each page 5cm from the left, 10cm from the bottom, 2cm from the right, and 0cm from the top:
    bookmaker.py -i INPUT.pdf -o OUTPUT.pdf --crops "5,10,2,0"

Include all pages from INPUT.pdf, but crop pages 10-20 by 5cm each from bottom and top:
    bookmaker.py -i INPUT.pdf -c "10-20:0,5,0,5" -o OUTPUT.pdf

Same crops for pages 10-20, but also crop all pages 30 and later by 3cm each from left and right:
    bookmaker.py -i INPUT.pdf -o OUTPUT.pdf -c "10-20:0,5,0,5" -c "30-end:3,0,3,0"

Rotate by 90° pages 3, 5, 7; rotate page 7 once more by 90% (i.e. 180° in total):
    bookmaker.py -i INPUT.pdf -o OUTPUT.pdf --rotate 3 -r 5 -r 7 -r 7

Initially declare 5cm crop from the left and 1cm crop from right, but alternate direction between even and odd pages:
    bookmaker.py -i INPUT.pdf -o OUTPUT.pdf -c "5,0,1,0" -s

Quarter each OUTPUT.pdf page to carry 4 pages from INPUT.pdf, draw stencils into inner margins for cuts to carry binding strings:
    bookmaker.py -i INPUT.pdf -o OUTPUT.pdf --nup4

Same --nup4, but define a printable-region margin of 1.3cm to limit the space for the INPUT.pdf pages in OUTPUT.pdf page quarters:
    bookmaker.py -i INPUT.pdf -o OUTPUT.pdf -n --print_margin 1.3

Same --nup4, but draw lines marking printable-region margins, page quarts, spine margins:
    bookmaker.py -i INPUT.pdf -o OUTPUT.pdf -n --analyze

NOTES:

For arguments like -p, page numbers are assumed to start with 1 (not 0, which is treated as an invalid page number value).

The target page shape so far is assumed to be A4 in portrait orientation; bookmaker.py normalizes all pages to this format before applying crops, and removes any source PDF /Rotate commands (for their production of landscape orientations).

For --nup4, the -c cropping instructions do not so much erase content outside the cropped area, but rather zoom into the page in a way that maximes the cropped area as much as possible into the available per-page area between printable-area margins and the borders to the other quartered pages.  If the zoomed cropped area does not fit in neatly into its per-page area, this will preserve additional page content.

The --nup4 quartering puts pages into a specific order optimized for no-tumble duplex print-outs that can easily be folded and cut into pages of a small A6 book.  Each unit of 8 pages from the source PDF is mapped thus onto two subsequent pages (i.e. front and back of a printed A4 paper):

 (front)      (back)
+-------+   +-------+
| 4 | 1 |   | 2 | 3 |
|-------|   |-------|
| 8 | 5 |   | 6 | 7 |
+-------+   +-------+

To facilitate this layout, --nup4 also pads the input PDF pages to a total number that is a multiple of 8, by adding empty pages if necessary.

(To turn above double-sided example page into a tiny 8-page book:  Cut the paper in two on its horizontal middle line.  Fold the two halves by their vertical middle lines, with pages 3-2 and 7-6 on the folds' insides.  This creates two 4-page books of pages 1-4 and pages 5-8.  Fold them both closed and (counter-intuitively) put the book of pages 5-8 on top of the other one (creating a temporary page order of 5,6,7,8,1,2,3,4).  A binding cut stencil should be visible on the top left of this stack – cut it out (with all pages folded together) to add the same inner-margin upper cut to each page.  Turn around your 8-pages stack to find the mirror image of aforementioned stencil on the stack's back's bottom, and cut that out too.  Each page now has binding cuts on top and bottom of its inner margins.  Swap the order of both books (back to the final page order of 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8), and you now have an 8-pages book that can be "bound" in its binding cuts through a rubber band or the like.  Repeat with the next 8-pages double-page, et cetera.  (Actually, with just 8 pages, the paper may curl under the pressure of a rubber band – but go up to 32 pages or so, and the result will become quite stable.)
"""
import argparse
import io
import os
import sys
from collections import namedtuple

def handled_error_exit(msg):
    print(f"ERROR: {msg}")
    sys.exit(1)

try:
    import pypdf
except ImportError:
    handled_error_exit("Can't run at all without pypdf installed.")

# some general paper geometry constants
POINTS_PER_CM = 10 * 72 / 25.4
A4_WIDTH = 21 * POINTS_PER_CM
A4_HEIGHT = 29.7 * POINTS_PER_CM
A4 = (A4_WIDTH, A4_HEIGHT)

# constants specifically for --nup4
A4_HALF_WIDTH = A4_WIDTH / 2
A4_HALF_HEIGHT = A4_HEIGHT / 2
CUT_DEPTH = 1.95 * POINTS_PER_CM
CUT_WIDTH = 1.05 * POINTS_PER_CM
MIDDLE_POINT_DEPTH = 0.4 * POINTS_PER_CM
SPINE_LIMIT = 1 * POINTS_PER_CM
QUARTER_SCALE_FACTOR = 0.5
PAGE_ORDER_FOR_NUP4 = (3,0,7,4,1,2,5,6)

# some helpers
class PageCrop:

    def __init__(self, left_cm=0, bottom_cm=0, right_cm=0, top_cm=0):
        self.left_cm = left_cm
        self.bottom_cm = bottom_cm
        self.right_cm = right_cm
        self.top_cm = top_cm
        self.left = float(self.left_cm) * POINTS_PER_CM
        self.bottom = float(self.bottom_cm) * POINTS_PER_CM
        self.right = float(self.right_cm) * POINTS_PER_CM
        self.top = float(self.top_cm) * POINTS_PER_CM
        zoom_horizontal = A4_WIDTH / (A4_WIDTH - self.left - self.right)
        zoom_vertical = A4_HEIGHT / (A4_HEIGHT - self.bottom - self.top)
        if (zoom_horizontal > 1 and zoom_vertical < 1) or (zoom_horizontal < 1 and zoom_vertical > 1):
            raise HandledException("-c: crops would create opposing zoom directions")
        elif zoom_horizontal + zoom_vertical > 2:
            self.zoom = min(zoom_horizontal, zoom_vertical)
        else:
            self.zoom = max(zoom_horizontal, zoom_vertical)

    def __str__(self):
        return str(vars(self))

    @property
    def format_in_cm(self):
        return f"left {self.left_cm}cm, bottom {self.bottom_cm}cm, right {self.right_cm}cm, top {self.top_cm}cm"

    @property
    def remaining_width(self):
        return A4_WIDTH - self.left - self.right

    @property
    def remaining_height(self):
        return A4_HEIGHT - self.bottom - self.top

    def give_mirror(self):
        return PageCrop(left_cm=self.right_cm, bottom_cm=self.bottom_cm, right_cm=self.left_cm, top_cm=self.top_cm)


class PrintableMargin:

    def __init__(self, size_cm):
        self.size = size_cm * POINTS_PER_CM
        self.zoom = (A4_WIDTH - 2 * self.size)/A4_WIDTH


class HandledException(Exception):
    pass


def parse_args():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__, epilog=help_epilogue, formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter)
    parser.add_argument("-i", "--input_file", action="append", required=True, help="input PDF file")
    parser.add_argument("-o", "--output_file", required=True, help="output PDF file")
    parser.add_argument("-p", "--page_range", action="append", help="page range, e.g., '2-9' or '3-end' or 'start-14'")
    parser.add_argument("-c", "--crops", action="append", help="cm crops left, bottom, right, top – e.g., '10,10,10,10'; prefix with ':'-delimited page range to limit effect")
    parser.add_argument("-r", "--rotate_page", type=int, action="append", help="rotate page of number by 90° (usable multiple times on same page!)")
    parser.add_argument("-s", "--symmetry", action="store_true", help="alternate horizontal crops between odd and even pages")
    parser.add_argument("-n", "--nup4", action='store_true', help="puts 4 input pages onto 1 output page, adds binding cut stencil")
    parser.add_argument("-a", "--analyze", action="store_true", help="in --nup4, print lines identifying spine, page borders")
    parser.add_argument("-m", "--print_margin", type=float, default=0.43, help="print margin for --nup4 in cm (default 0.43)")
    return parser.parse_args()


def validate_inputs_first_pass(args):
    for filename in args.input_file:
        if not os.path.isfile(filename):
            raise HandledException(f"-i: {filename} is not a file")
        try:
            with open(filename, 'rb') as file:
                pypdf.PdfReader(file)
        except pypdf.errors.PdfStreamError:
            raise HandledException(f"-i: cannot interpret {filename} as PDF file")
    if args.page_range:
        for p_string in args.page_range:
            validate_page_range(p_string, "-p")
        if len(args.page_range) > len(args.input_file):
            raise HandledException("-p: more --page_range arguments than --input_file arguments")
    if args.crops:
        for c_string in args.crops:
            initial_split = c_string.split(':')
            if len(initial_split) > 2:
                raise HandledException(f"-c: cropping string has multiple ':': {c_string}")
            page_range, crops = split_crops_string(c_string)
            crops = crops.split(",")
            if page_range:
                validate_page_range(page_range, "-c")
            if len(crops) != 4:
                raise HandledException(f"-c: cropping does not contain exactly three ',': {c_string}")
            for crop in crops:
                try:
                    float(crop)
                except ValueError:
                    raise HandledException(f"-c: non-number crop in: {c_string}")
    if args.rotate_page:
        for r in args.rotate_page:
            try:
                int(r)
            except ValueError:
                raise HandledException(f"-r: non-integer value: {r}")
            if r < 1:
                raise HandledException(f"-r: value must not be <1: {r}")
    try:
        float(args.print_margin)
    except ValueError:
        raise HandledException(f"-m: non-float value: {arg.print_margin}")


def validate_page_range(p_string, err_msg_prefix):
    prefix = f"{err_msg_prefix}: page range string"
    if '-' not in p_string:
        raise HandledException(f"{prefix} lacks '-': {p_string}")
    tokens = p_string.split("-")
    if len(tokens) > 2:
        raise HandledException(f"{prefix} has too many '-': {p_string}")
    for i, token in enumerate(tokens):
        if token == "":
            continue
        if i == 0 and token == "start":
            continue
        if i == 1 and token == "end":
            continue
        try:
            int(token)
        except ValueError:
            raise HandledException(f"{prefix} carries value neither integer, nor 'start', nor 'end': {p_string}")
        if int(token) < 1:
            raise HandledException(f"{prefix} carries page number <1: {p_string}")
    start = -1
    end = -1
    try:
        start = int(tokens[0])
        end = int(tokens[1])
    except ValueError:
        pass
    if start > 0 and end > 0 and start > end:
        raise HandledException(f"{prefix} has higher start than end value: {p_string}")


def split_crops_string(c_string):
    initial_split = c_string.split(':')
    if len(initial_split) > 1:
        page_range = initial_split[0]
        crops = initial_split[1]
    else:
        page_range = None
        crops = initial_split[0]
    return page_range, crops


def parse_page_range(range_string, pages):
    start_page = 0
    end_page = len(pages)
    if range_string:
        start, end = range_string.split('-')
        if not (len(start) == 0 or start == "start"):
            start_page = int(start) - 1
        if not (len(end) == 0 or end == "end"):
            end_page = int(end)
    return start_page, end_page


def read_inputs_to_pagelist(args_input_file, args_page_range):
    pages_to_add = []
    opened_files = []
    new_page_num = 0
    for i, input_file in enumerate(args_input_file):
        file = open(input_file, 'rb')
        opened_files += [file]
        reader = pypdf.PdfReader(file)
        range_string = None
        if args_page_range and len(args_page_range) > i:
            range_string = args_page_range[i]
        start_page, end_page = parse_page_range(range_string, reader.pages)
        if end_page > len(reader.pages):  # no need to test start_page cause start_page > end_page is checked above
            raise HandledException(f"-p: page range goes beyond pages of input file: {range_string}")
        for old_page_num in range(start_page, end_page):
            new_page_num += 1
            page = reader.pages[old_page_num]
            pages_to_add += [page]
            print(f"-i, -p: read in {input_file} page number {old_page_num+1} as new page {new_page_num}")
    return pages_to_add, opened_files


def validate_inputs_second_pass(args, pages_to_add):
    if args.crops:
        for c_string in args.crops:
            page_range, _= split_crops_string(c_string)
            if page_range:
                start, end = parse_page_range(page_range, pages_to_add)
                if end > len(pages_to_add):
                     raise HandledException(f"-c: page range goes beyond number of pages we're building: {page_range}")
    if args.rotate_page:
        for r in args.rotate_page:
            if r > len(pages_to_add):
                 raise HandledException(f"-r: page number beyond number of pages we're building: {r}")


def rotate_pages(args_rotate_page, pages_to_add):
    if args_rotate_page:
        for rotate_page in args_rotate_page:
            page = pages_to_add[rotate_page - 1]
            page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().translate(tx=-A4_WIDTH/2, ty=-A4_HEIGHT/2))
            page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().rotate(-90))
            page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().translate(tx=A4_WIDTH/2, ty=A4_HEIGHT/2))
            print(f"-r: rotating (by 90°) page {rotate_page}")


def pad_pages_to_multiple_of_8(pages_to_add):
    mod_to_8 = len(pages_to_add) % 8
    if mod_to_8 > 0:
        old_len = len(pages_to_add)
        for _ in range(8 - mod_to_8):
            new_page = pypdf.PageObject.create_blank_page(width=A4_WIDTH, height=A4_HEIGHT)
            pages_to_add += [new_page]
        print(f"-n: number of input pages {old_len} not required multiple of 8, padded to {len(pages_to_add)}")


def normalize_pages_to_A4(pages_to_add):
    for page in pages_to_add:
        if "/Rotate" in page:  # TODO: preserve rotation, but in canvas?
            page.rotate(360 - page["/Rotate"])
        page.mediabox.left = 0
        page.mediabox.bottom = 0
        page.mediabox.top = A4_HEIGHT
        page.mediabox.right = A4_WIDTH
        page.cropbox = page.mediabox


def collect_per_page_crops_and_zooms(args_crops, args_symmetry, pages_to_add):
    crop_at_page = [PageCrop()] * len(pages_to_add)
    if args_crops:
        for c_string in args_crops:
            page_range, crops = split_crops_string(c_string)
            start_page, end_page = parse_page_range(page_range, pages_to_add)
            prefix = "-c, -t" if args_symmetry else "-c"
            suffix = " (but alternating left and right crop between even and odd pages)" if args_symmetry else ""
            page_crop = PageCrop(*[x for x in crops.split(',')])
            print(f"{prefix}: to pages {start_page + 1} to {end_page} applying crop: {page_crop.format_in_cm}{suffix}")
            for page_num in range(start_page, end_page):
                if args_symmetry and page_num % 2:
                    crop_at_page[page_num] = page_crop.give_mirror()
                else:
                    crop_at_page[page_num] = page_crop
    return crop_at_page


def build_single_pages_output(writer, pages_to_add, crop_at_page):
    print("building 1-input-page-per-output-page book")
    odd_page = True
    for i, page in enumerate(pages_to_add):
        page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().translate(tx=-crop_at_page[i].left, ty=-crop_at_page[i].bottom))
        page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().scale(crop_at_page[i].zoom, crop_at_page[i].zoom))
        page.mediabox.right = crop_at_page[i].remaining_width * crop_at_page[i].zoom
        page.mediabox.top = crop_at_page[i].remaining_height * crop_at_page[i].zoom
        writer.add_page(page)
        odd_page = not odd_page
        print(f"built page number {i+1} (of {len(pages_to_add)})")

def build_nup4_output(writer, pages_to_add, crop_at_page, args_print_margin, args_analyze, canvas_class):
    print("-n: building 4-input-pages-per-output-page book")
    print(f"-m: applying printable-area margin of {args_print_margin}cm")
    if args_analyze:
        print("-a: drawing page borders, spine limits")
    printable_margin = PrintableMargin(args_print_margin)
    spine_part_of_page = (SPINE_LIMIT / A4_HALF_WIDTH) / printable_margin.zoom
    bonus_shrink_factor = 1 - spine_part_of_page
    pages_to_add, new_i_order = resort_pages_for_nup4(pages_to_add)
    nup4_position = 0
    page_count = 0
    is_front_page = True
    for i, page in enumerate(pages_to_add):
        if nup4_position == 0:
            new_page = pypdf.PageObject.create_blank_page(width=A4_WIDTH, height=A4_HEIGHT)
        corrected_i = new_i_order[i]
        nup4_inner_page_transform(page, crop_at_page[corrected_i], bonus_shrink_factor, printable_margin, nup4_position)
        nup4_outer_page_transform(page, bonus_shrink_factor, nup4_position)
        new_page.merge_page(page)
        page_count += 1
        print(f"merged page number {page_count} (of {len(pages_to_add)})")
        nup4_position += 1
        if nup4_position > 3:
            ornate_nup4(writer, args_analyze, is_front_page, new_page, printable_margin, bonus_shrink_factor, canvas_class)
            writer.add_page(new_page)
            nup4_position = 0
            is_front_page = not is_front_page


def resort_pages_for_nup4(pages_to_add):
    new_page_order = []
    new_i_order = []
    eight_pack = []
    i = 0
    n_eights = 0
    for page in pages_to_add:
        if i == 0:
            eight_pack = []
        eight_pack += [page]
        i += 1
        if i == 8:
            i = 0
            for n in PAGE_ORDER_FOR_NUP4:
                new_i_order += [8 * n_eights + n]
                new_page_order += [eight_pack[n]]
            n_eights += 1
    return new_page_order, new_i_order


def nup4_inner_page_transform(page, crop, bonus_shrink_factor, printable_margin, nup4_position):
    page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().translate(ty=(A4_HEIGHT / crop.zoom - (A4_HEIGHT - crop.top))))
    if nup4_position == 0 or nup4_position == 2:
        page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().translate(tx=-crop.left))
    elif nup4_position == 1 or nup4_position == 3:
        page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().translate(tx=(A4_WIDTH / crop.zoom - (A4_WIDTH - crop.right))))
    page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().scale(crop.zoom * bonus_shrink_factor, crop.zoom * bonus_shrink_factor))
    if nup4_position == 2 or nup4_position == 3:
        page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().translate(ty=-2*printable_margin.size/printable_margin.zoom))


def nup4_outer_page_transform(page, bonus_shrink_factor, nup4_position):
    page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().translate(ty=(1-bonus_shrink_factor)*A4_HEIGHT))
    if nup4_position == 0 or nup4_position == 1:
        y_section = A4_HEIGHT
        page.mediabox.bottom = A4_HALF_HEIGHT
        page.mediabox.top    = A4_HEIGHT
    if nup4_position == 2 or nup4_position == 3:
        y_section = 0
        page.mediabox.bottom = 0
        page.mediabox.top  =  A4_HALF_HEIGHT
    if nup4_position == 0 or nup4_position == 2:
        x_section = 0
        page.mediabox.left   = 0
        page.mediabox.right  = A4_HALF_WIDTH
    if nup4_position == 1 or nup4_position == 3:
        page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().translate(tx=(1-bonus_shrink_factor)*A4_WIDTH))
        x_section = A4_WIDTH
        page.mediabox.left   = A4_HALF_WIDTH
        page.mediabox.right  = A4_WIDTH
    page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().translate(tx=x_section, ty=y_section))
    page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().scale(QUARTER_SCALE_FACTOR, QUARTER_SCALE_FACTOR))


def ornate_nup4(writer, args_analyze, is_front_page, new_page, printable_margin, bonus_shrink_factor, canvas_class):
    if args_analyze:
        # borders
        packet = io.BytesIO()
        c = canvas_class(packet, pagesize=A4)
        c.setLineWidth(0.1)
        c.line(0, A4_HEIGHT, A4_WIDTH, A4_HEIGHT)
        c.line(0, A4_HALF_HEIGHT, A4_WIDTH, A4_HALF_HEIGHT)
        c.line(0, 0, A4_WIDTH, 0)
        c.line(0, A4_HEIGHT, 0, 0)
        c.line(A4_HALF_WIDTH, A4_HEIGHT, A4_HALF_WIDTH, 0)
        c.line(A4_WIDTH, A4_HEIGHT, A4_WIDTH, 0)
        c.save()
        new_pdf = pypdf.PdfReader(packet)
        new_page.merge_page(new_pdf.pages[0])
    printable_offset_x = printable_margin.size
    printable_offset_y = printable_margin.size * A4_HEIGHT / A4_WIDTH
    new_page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().scale(printable_margin.zoom, printable_margin.zoom))
    new_page.add_transformation(pypdf.Transformation().translate(tx=printable_offset_x, ty=printable_offset_y))
    x_left_spine_limit = A4_HALF_WIDTH * bonus_shrink_factor
    x_right_spine_limit = A4_WIDTH - x_left_spine_limit
    if args_analyze or is_front_page:
        packet = io.BytesIO()
        c = canvas_class(packet, pagesize=A4)
    if args_analyze:
        # spine lines
        c.setLineWidth(0.1)
        c.line(x_left_spine_limit, A4_HEIGHT, x_left_spine_limit, 0)
        c.line(x_right_spine_limit, A4_HEIGHT, x_right_spine_limit, 0)
    if is_front_page:
        c.setLineWidth(0.2)
        draw_cut(c, x_left_spine_limit, (1))
        draw_cut(c, x_right_spine_limit, (-1))
    if args_analyze or is_front_page:
        c.save()
        new_pdf = pypdf.PdfReader(packet)
        new_page.merge_page(new_pdf.pages[0])


def draw_cut(canvas, x_spine_limit, direction):
    outer_start_x = x_spine_limit - 0.5 * CUT_WIDTH * direction
    inner_start_x = x_spine_limit + 0.5 * CUT_WIDTH * direction
    middle_point_y =  A4_HALF_HEIGHT + MIDDLE_POINT_DEPTH * direction
    end_point_y =  A4_HALF_HEIGHT + CUT_DEPTH * direction
    canvas.line(inner_start_x, A4_HALF_HEIGHT, x_spine_limit, end_point_y)
    canvas.line(x_spine_limit, end_point_y, x_spine_limit, middle_point_y)
    canvas.line(x_spine_limit, middle_point_y, outer_start_x, A4_HALF_HEIGHT)


def main():
    args = parse_args()
    validate_inputs_first_pass(args)
    if args.nup4:
        try:
            from reportlab.pdfgen.canvas import Canvas
        except ImportError:
            raise HandledException("-n: need reportlab.pdfgen.canvas installed for --nup4")
    pages_to_add, opened_files = read_inputs_to_pagelist(args.input_file, args.page_range)
    validate_inputs_second_pass(args, pages_to_add)
    rotate_pages(args.rotate_page, pages_to_add)
    if args.nup4:
        pad_pages_to_multiple_of_8(pages_to_add)
    normalize_pages_to_A4(pages_to_add)
    crop_at_page = collect_per_page_crops_and_zooms(args.crops, args.symmetry, pages_to_add)
    writer = pypdf.PdfWriter()
    if args.nup4:
        build_nup4_output(writer, pages_to_add, crop_at_page, args.print_margin, args.analyze, Canvas)
    else:
        build_single_pages_output(writer, pages_to_add, crop_at_page)
    for file in opened_files:
        file.close()
    with open(args.output_file, 'wb') as output_file:
        writer.write(output_file)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    try:
        main()
    except HandledException as e:
        handled_error_exit(e)